Kawasaki Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Kawasaki unsoundness Symptoms, Causes and TreatmentBackgroundKawasaki distemper (KD) is a systemic vasculitis syndrome which whitethorn involve many organs, such as myocardium and the conduction system, and may cause inflammation in other organs such as pericarditis, endocarditis, cholecystitis etc.EtiologyThere is only little information of the etiology of KD. It is suspected as an infectious illness with an unknown pathogen (KatoSuda, 2012) or autoimmune disease (Starkebaum, 2013) that has an acute systemic vasculitis syndrome.PrevalenceKD is a prevalent cardiac disease in Asia, North America, South America, Europe and Australia. Nakamura and Yanagawa (2004) stated that Asians were approximately 5-10 times more susceptible than white persons. (cited in KatoSuda, 2012)II. Clinical understanding of Kawasakis DiseaseMedical diagnostic criteriaThe principal diagnostic criteria of KD ar presence of at least five of the major features persistent pyrexia for at least 5 days, conjunc tival injection, changes in the mucosa of the oropharynx(such as strawberry tongue), changes in the peripheral extremities, erythematous prime over extremities or/and trunk, and cervical lymphadenopathy. If clients do not run into the classic criteria, they are considered as having incomplete KD. (Kato Suda, 2012)Difference between florescence disease and Kawasaki diseaseBoth Roseola and Kawasaki disease begin with sudden high fever, but their treatments are very different. The fever of KD is not very responsive to acetaminophen or ibuprofen which evoke be used to treat the fever of Roseola. After the fever, KD and Roseola cases both burst rash but their onsets of rash are not the same. Roseola case larns rash at the time of fever resolution, opus KD case develops rash within two to three weeks after the onset of fever which may not be resolved.(Wang et al., 2009) Also, KD presents with some oral manifestations, the like erythema, dropsy, fissuring of lips and a strawber ry tongue which cannot be found in Roseola cases. (Ely Seabury, 2010)II. Clinical understanding of Kawasakis DiseasePotential ComplicationsChildren with Kawasakis disease can develop vasculitis that causes weakening of the blood vessels and leads to aneurysms. Without treatment in time, 1 in 5 children with Kawasaki disease leave behind develop coronary thrombosis aneurysms. (Suzuki et. al., 1986) Either formation of blood choke off in a coronary artery aneurysm or rupture of a large coronary artery aneurysm would lead to myocardial infarction which may cause death.Besides the coronary arteries, the myocardium, valves, and pericardium can become incendiary. Arrhythmias or abnormal functioning of some amount of money valves, myocardial infarction and heart hardship may in addition occur.Standard Treatments in Hong KongGuided by the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong, intravenous gamma-globulin (IVGG) and aspirin are the treatment protocols for all KD clients admitted to hospital . (Yung et. al., 2002)For evaluating the coronary artery lesions, echocardiography are done for all patients and coronary angiography and heart catheterization are performed for selective clients.III. Case carry and its nursing assessmentPeter, a 1-yerar old baby, has been diagnosed as having Kawasaki Disease after admission. Peter is now suspected at the acute phase (Stage I) of the disease since he shows irritability, persistent fever for 4 days and erythematous rash over his extremities.For subjective data, he has high fever and diarrhoea for few days fever was lower after treating with antipyretics and diarrhoea was subsided and rashes developed over his entire hands, arms, feet and legs, stated by his mother.For objective data, he is irritable, has a silklike red tongue his palms and soles had erythematous rash.In most of the cases, clients similarly have conjunctivitis, conceited cervical lymph nodes, inflammation of the pharynx and the oral mucosa develops with red and cr acked lips and swollen joints. Beside of developing erythematous rash, skin on the extremities may be edema and peeling. Mostly, clients suffer from cardiac problems, such as myocarditis and tachycardia. (Starkebaum, 2013) These should be assessed after admission.IV. Plan for careNursing diagnosis for the case chooseHyperthemia related to inflammatory disease process, increased metabolic rate and dehydration as evidenced by body temperature greater than normal rangeRisk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion related to vasculitisImpaired oral mucose membrane related to inflammatory process, dehydration, and mouth breathing as evidenced by presence of bright red tongueImpaired skin integrity related to inflammatory process, altered circulation as evidenced by having erythematous rash over palms and soles and his mutes verbalization of presence of rash over extremitiesRisk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to inflammation and swollen of oral mucous membra ne and tongueIneffective family therapeutic regimen management related to knowledge deficit to Kawasaki disease as evidence by wrongly distinguishing Roseola and Kawasaki DiseaseNursing ManagementsManagement for HyperthermiaTo treat hyperthermia, cooling should be promoted by wearing light cant and loose-fitting clothing. This can encourage heat loss by radiation and conduction. Ice bags can be put on the forehead or around neck of client. Adequate water intake is also boost. In order to prevent complications and promote comfort, out front administering aspirin, go down ons should monitor temperature every 4 hours until client becomes afebrile for a day. Administer antipyretic medication if positively charged.Peter, in the case hire, was treated with antipyretics before so his fever was lower. Continuous temperature monitoring is required. Also, increasing his placid intake promotes recovery and prevents dehydration. Peter will be afebrile, go over with thermometer, and free of complications due to high-grade fever within 3 days.Management for Risk of complications and infectionAt the acute phase of KD, nurses should monitor clients cardiac condition closely by assessing clients cardiac status regularly, i.e. once a day, including measuring the apical rate, along with assessing any symptoms of precipitateness of breath and SaO2 level of client. Continuous monitoring is still suggested even though no S/S has shown up. The goal is that Peter will not develop any complications before discharge. Assessing any worsening condition is for evaluating nursing interventions in preventing complications.Once cardiac complications start to develop keep strict I/O and monitor SaO2 Q4H. Administer supplementary oxygen as prescri derriere. If client continues irritable and shows cyanosis, administer sedation as prescribed to number oxygen consumption and cardiac workload. Long term FU is required.In addition, note the presence of compromised vision of patient. Bilat eral conjunctival inflammation was reported to be the most common symptom of Kawasaki disease after fever. (Yun et al., 2011) Note for any redness and assess the visual ability at regular time intervals.If Peter is suspected having compromised vision, assessed by providing vision stimuli to protrude any respond, consult ophthalmologist if possible.Management for Impaired skin integrity and oral mucous membraneMost of the KD clients will have erythematous rash over body, altered mucous membrane condition and strawberry tongue, as mentioned.Clients skin condition is assessed at regular time intervals. Also, nurse can utilise emollients to affected area as ordered, and educate proves and help client to wear soft and loose clothing. Promoting nutritional status and encourage fluid intake are important in healing of rash. For the mucosal conditions, we should provide client mouth care, lubricate his lips and provide adequate clear liquid if not contraindicated.In Peters case, the aims are preventing lesion and promoting healing of the rash of his extremities and inflammated tongue within two weeks. Also, maintaining intact and moist oral mucous membrane that are free of inflammation, ulceration and infection before discharge. The oral condition will not affect his appetite, so as the nutritional status, evaluated by assessing his body weight daily.Management for Altered comfortClient suffered from KD often shows irritability due to pain and fever. (To deal with fever, please refer to Management for hyperthermia) Administer analgesia as prescribed to reduce the pain.A quiet environment may calm client, nurses can talk softly and avoid bright light if possible. James et al.(2013) suggested that line the bed with soft blanket from home can promote clients sleeping quality. Encourage parents to bring clients favourite toys and nipple may also help in comforting client. Nurse should manage the procedure systematically, in order to minimize disrupting clients rest per iod. These actions can apply in Peters case. Peter will have adequate rest and show clam immediately after having these nursing actions.Family Education nigh parents may not know what Kawasaki disease is. Nurses should provide information to clients family and answer the inquiries. Clients parents are often anxious of clients condition. Assessing the parents anxiety level and explaining procedure cl archaean are necessary. Nurse should also comfort parents by assuring them the fever, pain and irritability of the child will resolve eventually.Foc using on the case scenario, nurse should help his mother to differentiate the differences between KD and Roseola, including the etiology and S/S, after Peters admission. To reduce the chances of developing complications, nurse can teach his mother to monitor and assess early signs of complications of heart at the routine time, such as abnormal heart rate, arrhythmia, cyanosis and lower extremities edema. Provide pamphlet about KD for his mot her to read. Asking for any inquiry and let her to verbalize at least two significant signs of having complications can evaluate her understanding.To prevent further infection, clients carer should be educated to provide proper hand hygiene before touching client. It is also encouraged if we can invite her in planning the treatment regimen, which can reduce her anxiety and promote her compliance to clients treatment regimen.Besides, since Peter is 1-year old, before Peter discharges, we should educate the mother that after IVGG treatment, vaccinations with live vaccine (e.g. MMR) should be delayed for 6 months. It is because antibodies may interfere with the immune responses to the vaccines (Salisbury Begg, 1996, as cited in Cheng, Wong So, 2003). We should move over sure his mum remembers the specific dates of FU in order to detect abnormalities showing signs of potential complications.V. ConclusionKawasaki Disease is a common paediatric disease, and it is different from Roseola . With early diagnosis, treatment and continuous follow-ups, it is a manageable and curative disease. burlesque in Butterflies ExperimentMimicry in Butterflies ExperimentIntroductionThe experiment will be testing mimicry in butterflies. Mimicry is the similarity between two organisms that evolved to protect a species from its predators. The similarity can be appearance, behaviour, sound or scent. Mimicry can be mutually beneficial for both organisms, or it can be damaging to one of the organisms involved. Batesian mimicry is when a harmless species imitates the warning signals of a harmful species, it is an antipredator adaptation. The wings of the Monarch flutter are made up of a black, orange and white pattern. They are aposematic in both caterpillar and flit form, warning off predators with their bright coloured wings as a warning of their undesirable taste. Cardenolide aglycones is responsible for the undesirable taste of the Monarch butterflies, which the caterpillars inges t while feeding on milkweed. The Viceroy butterfly is distinguishable from the Monarch butterfly from its post median black line on the vein of its hindwing and it is smaller in size. Its defence against predators is mimicry of the Monarch butterfly.Hypothesis and PredictionsThe hypothesis is that mimicry in the butterflies does not have an effect on preference from the birds. Our predictions are that the birds will not choose the model butterfly because of the bright colour of the model butterfly. This means that the birds will more likely choose the mimic butterfly because it is less bright coloured.AimsTo see which butterfly the birds chooses first and to test mimicry in the viceroy butterfly and to see what effect mimicry has on preference from the birds.Pilot studyA pilot study was undertook at Treborth Botanical gardens. The study was designed to emulate the mimicry of the monarch butterfly by the viceroy butterfly. This was done using different colour suet shots. Yellow sue t pellets and red suet pellets were used. They both had the same flavour. This was designed so that the birds would be choosing primarily on the colour and not the taste. Five sites of study were chosen. One pile of red suet pellets and one pile of yellow suet pellets were left at each test location. The piles of suet were placed on tree branches and in bird feeders were possible, but some had to be left on the ground. This possibly could corrupt results as ground-based rodents could consume suet pellets and these are not the subject of the experiment. Of the five sites of study four piles of red pellets were fully consumed, compared to only two sites in which the yellow suets were completely consumed. We took this as indication that the birds on site had a preference between the two colours of suet. However, the results may have been corrupted by herbivorous birds and small mammals which may have consumed the suet pellets instead of the target bird species.Methods ballock would be collected from the area to be surveyed to ensure successful polymorphs are obtained from both species, and breeding age adult butterflies are not removed from the environment. The eggs would then be reared to adulthood (as only adult viceroys use mimicry). The butterflies would then be freeze-dried to preserve their colour and any unpalatable compounds in their tissues. This would also lower water activity and thus lower the chance of introducing bacteria and other pathogens to bird populations. The area to be surveyed would be divided into quadrats with equal and ergodic treatments across varying habitats (as literature suggests predator density and diversity affects the success of mimicry). Per treatment a Viceroy and a Monarch butterfly would be pinned in close proximity to each other on a tree. First preference of prey would be recorded in the case of a butterfly being eaten by a predator. Predator species could also be recorded to discover if any species (such as different Pas seriform species) show a preference for any butterfly.StatisticsA chi-squared test is used as data to be generated is frequency count data on which butterfly was chosen first which certifies that the data matches the requirements for a one-way chi-squared test.DiscussionAfter analysing the weaknesses from the pilot study, the method was modified in the hope that it would make the plan stronger. With the issue of other predators, the ability to discount them assail the butterfly was overcome by monitoring all test species. What was shown in our pilot study that in fact all the brightly colour suet pellet was gone contradicts what we believe should occur but the flaw in the pilot study design may account for that. The expected outcome for this experiment would be that batesian mimicry is shown.ReferencesChai, P. (1986). 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