Indian Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 966 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Indian Aviation sector in the post-liberalization period can be divided into two phases: 1992-99, when six major private airlines took to the sky and post-2000 – witnessing a new breed of airlines jostle for their share of the sky. In 1992-93 the entry of new players in Indian Civil Aviation Industry was facilitated because of change in environmental factors. Two of the most important changes were: deregulation for private sector and the relaxation in rules regarding fleet size. Banking on them, many players, backed by NRIs, jumped into the fray. A majority of these players had a start up project as little as Rs. 0-60 cr, for it was not mandatory for the operators to own the fleet. Additionally, these ventures had neither the experience nor concrete business models (considered essential for running an aviation company successfully). As a consequence, a large percentage of these companies collapsed. Out of six major airlines that took off (in all 17 airline s) only two survived. The remaining left behind huge liabilities to oil companies and the Airport Authority of India. In the second phase of post-2000, there are as many as 10 players that have already started operations in the domestic sector of the country. The moot question that remains now is: With new age carriers waiting to zoom in again, will history be repeated? Revolutionized by liberalization, the aviation sector in India has been marked by fast-paced changes in the past few years. From being an expensive service that only a few could afford, the sector has now graduated to being a fiercely competitive industry with the presence of a number of private and public airlines and several consumer-oriented offerings (Table 1 presents the market share of major domestic players from 1953 to 2006). Table 1: Market Share of Major Domestic Players CarrierLaunch YearMarket Share (%)Net ProfitFleet SizeStrategy Indian195317. 957. 2*75FSC Jet Airways199334† 27. 94**64FSC Air Deccan200319. 8–246. 5#44LCC Spice Jet20058. 1–41. 4##9LCC Kingfisher20059. 8NA31FSC Go Air20054. 8NA5LCC Paramount20051. 4NA5Value Carrier Indi Go20064. 2NA11LCC Note: All Net profit figures are Rs. in Cr. ; FSC – Full Service Carrier; LCC – Low Cost Carrier; Market Share figures are for the quarter ended Dec. 006; †  The figure is the combined market share of Jet Airways and Air Sahara; * The net profit figures are for the year 2005-06; ** The figure is for the year ended March 31, 2007; # The figure is the unaudited result for the nine months ended March 31, 2007; ## The figure is for the year ended May 31, 2006. Source: Indian Management, August, 2007. The promise and the potential of the Indian aviation market are awesome. By 2010, India’s fleet strength will stand at 500-550; the domestic market size will cross 60 million and international traffic 20 million. Airbus pegs India’s demand for airliners at 1,100 aircraft, worth $10 5 bn, over the next 20 years. According to Civil Aviation Minister Praful Patel, the country will need 1,000 passenger planes in 10 years, up from 260 now. The Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) projections show India as potential ten airline market, consisting of two-three Full Service Carriers (FSC), two-three large national Low Cost Carriers (LCC) operating a fleet of more than 70 aircraft each, and three-four niche regional operators with aircraft less than 80 seats. With airport infrastructure being upgraded, non-aeronautical revenues will contribute almost 50% to the revenue of airports. Here, private players are planning malls, hospitality chains, book shops, duty-free shops, Internet cafes, lounges and entertainment centers. With the sector expanding at a fast pace, the number of aircraft being used is on the rise and so is the need for pilots. Not surprisingly, aviation school is the latest buzzword among students, as India would require 7,500-8,000 pilots and an eq ual number or more of air cabin crew by 2010. Heavy pay packets are awaiting pilots with a Commercial Pilot License (CPL). In this emulous scenario, it has become imperative for domestic airlines to understand the consumer-buying behavior of their current and potential customers so that they may develop appropriate marketing strategies in the emerging competitive market. Internal Analysis Staff (mainly air hostesses and stewards) plays an integral role in the service mix of any company. Perceptual mapping shows Kingfisher staff to be more attractive with high appeal and Spice Jet with more attractive but low appeal. Kingfisher’s promotion of staff as a USP created the difference. Jet Airways’ staff with average attractiveness is perceived to be of high appeal. Indian staff was found to be least attractive, but its appeal was perceived as high. Air Deccan’s staff is perceived to be less attractive with low appeal. External Analysis In a nutshell, it will be interesting to see the battle between traditional full service carriers (FSC) like Indian, Jet Airways, Kingfisher and the LCC airlines like Air Deccan and Spice Jet. Both the segments are flourishing at the moment. LCCs should not be viewed as competitors to FSC, rather they are complementary. These LCCs have in fact expanded the market size. Industry estimates forecast that LCCs will have a market share of 70% by 2010, which could be the highest in the world. With the amalgamation of Indian Airlines and Air India into National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL) as well as the mega merger of Jet Airways and Air Sahara (Sahara renamed as Jet Lite now), the competition will be even more intense. Some players like Paramount are working in niche area (on selected routes only) and are erforming well. Other airlines also need to develop their own USP. Customers in India are now more aware and have a wide variety of choices. As Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) projects, India is potentially a ten airline market, consisting of two-three FSC, two-three large national LCCs operating a fleet of more than 70 aircraft each, and three-four niche regional operators with aircraft less than 80 seats. The aviation market is mature now and India is ready to take off. ? Porters Five force model Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Indian Market" essay for you Create order

Analysis Of The Poem Birches And Hanging Fire By...

For some people, their childhood may have been the best time of their lives, but for others, it could just be many years of memories they dread remembering. Regardless of how someone feels about it, childhood is a critical part of life. In the poems â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost and â€Å"Hanging Fire† by Audre Lorde, the authors explore what it is like to be a child and the major transition from childhood to adulthood. While Frost does so through the voice of an adult, Lorde chose to accomplish this from a child’s perspective. Although, the speakers are not the only aspects of the poem that sets them apart. In â€Å"Birches†, Frost describes childhood as a simplistic, carefree and innocent time, while in â€Å"Hanging Fire†, Lorde emphasizes the never ending struggles children face when growing up. However, the speakers of the poems do share a common challenge in maintaining personal relationships throughout childhood and beyond. In â€Å"B irches†, the speaker thinks of childhood as a time of innocence, where everything is easy going and immaturity is acceptable. Instead of believing that the birches are being bent by ice storms, he likes to picture that they are like that due to an adventurous, carefree child. He specifically says, â€Å"I should prefer to have some boy bend them/ As he went out and in to fetch the cows/ Some boy too far from town to learn baseball,/ Whose only play was what he found himself,/ Summer or Winter, and he could play alone†. Essentially, instead of believing in a

Ethics and Accountability in Public Service Free Essays

Ethics, Integrity and Accountability in Public Sector: Practice and Lessons Learned in Latvia Aleksejs Loskutovs, Director Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau Latvia 28 September 2006 (10 min. ) The public sector in Latvia has undergone many important changes over the past decade. In mid 1990s Latvian government started a major public administration reform. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Accountability in Public Service or any similar topic only for you Order Now This reform was one of the cornerstones on Latvia’s way to the European Union, which we joined in May 2004. Latvia made a great effort to develop legal framework that regulates the public sector, as well as relations between the public sector and the citizens.Today legislation in Latvia and internal regulations of different public institutions in various ways cover the principles of ethics, integrity and accountably. Formally, the reform created a basis for a modern public sector, based on general European and international standards. The competence of public institutions is clearly limited in the law, each institution has to have objectives and is judged by its results, there are mechanisms to inform the public and involve the citizens. The administration and the politics are separated.Civil servants have to be politically neutral. According to our public administration reform concept developed in 1995, public servants also have to respect the principle of ethics – it is defined in this concept as public interest standing beyond any personal interest. Many positive initiatives have been developed to ensure the accountability of the public sector. The parliament has an important role to control the work of the government and through it – the public sector as a whole. In fact, the parliament in Latvia is not using these powers enough.Public institutions have to develop work plans and through public consultative bodies the public and professionals can participate in the decision of public institutions. Annual reports have become obligatory. Latvia is also one of the rare countries in the world were the meetings of the Cabinet of Ministers are open to the public. It is all a big change if we think that not so long ago, before the break-up of the Soviet Union such words as â€Å"public institutions†, â€Å"state†, â€Å"public interest† had a completely different meaning.Public administration and the political decision-making were closely linked. Public officials exercised wide discretion and made decisions in secrecy. Civil servants, party leaders, doctors could take gifts and help their friends and relatives – it was accepted as common practice. Therefore, the reform of public institutions has a much bigger challenge to face. Changing the formal structures and rules was not enough. The mentality and tradition needed to change too. The laws need to be understood and applied in practice.Public servants need proper guidance and education to understand what behaviour is actually expected from them. Finally, there should be sanctions and efficient control mechanisms to ensure that those who do not respect the law are punished. As it was also pointed out in the study on the national integrity system in Latvia carried out in 2003 by Transparency International Latvia, the development of legislation is way ahead of the capacity of the public service to implement these norms and control the implementation.Given these circumstances, it was decided to address the concerns of ethics and integrity in the public service in Latvia through prevention of corruption and conflict of interest. The National Strategy and Programme for Corruption Prevention and Combating in 2004-2008 were adopted by the Latvian government in 2004. These two documents form the national anti-corruption policy of Latvia. This policy has a comprehensive approach to the fight against corruption based on three pillars: prevention of corruption, investigation and education of the public.One of the aims of the programme is to ensure ethical behaviour of public officials and seek that they perform their duties in public, not in private interest. In the area of prevention of corruption in public institutions the Programme foresees five priorities: central role of heads of state and municipal institutions in preventing conflict of interest within their institutions; development and application of codes of ethics; clear and strict recruitment criteria in the public service; possibility to appeal against administrative decisions and – reporting about activities of public institutions.To ensure tha t this policy and relevant legislation are actually implemented it was decided to establish a single, specialised anti-corruption body – the Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau. It was created by law in 2002. The Bureau is fully operational since February 2003. It is an independent institution of public administration with investigatory powers. According to the national anti-corruption policy the Bureau has a wide set of tasks starting with prevention of corruption through control of activities of public officials and financing of political parties, and education of the ublic to investigation of criminal offences of corruption in the public sector. Despite it is a new institution, the Bureau was recognised in 2005 as one of the most trusted institutions in Latvia. Further to this, Latvia has adopted the law on Prevention of Conflict of Interest in Activities of Public Officials. The purpose of this law is to promote the integrity of public officials, as well as transparency and accountability of the public service. The law provides for restrictions and incompatibilities in situations of combing public duties with other jobs, commercial activities, accepting gifts, etc. These rules apply to all public officials from the president to an ordinary civil servant. Over the past three years our Bureau has gained quite unique experience as it is responsible for enforcing this law and other restrictions to activities of public officials, as well as educating public officials on conflict of interest, respect of law and ethics. I will now briefly describe to you how our Bureau works in the area of preventing conflict of interest. Our Report Centre receives requests for advice or complaints about alleged crimes or violations committed by public officials.There is increasing number of complaints about conflict of interest – we received 712 in 2005 compared to 570 in 2004 and 495 in 2004. Important source of information is also other institutions and mass media. If the information is pursuable, an administrative investigation is started. The Bureau can determine the administrative liability and impose sanctions on public officials, including ask to return to the state budget illegally gained income. Our Division of Control of Activities of Public Officials last year prepared 474 answers to different reports and completed 231 administrative investigations.In the course of these investigations, the Bureau checked 522 asset declarations of public officials. In 2005, 109 state officials have been charged with administrative liability for failure to observe the restrictions provided in this Law. Most common cases of violations are when public officials take decisions about themselves or close relatives, for instance, grant a bonus to them, employ a relative, supervise some matters in which they are personally interested, etc.To promote better understanding of what is ethical behaviour and how to avoid acting in a conflict of interest situation, the Bureau is providing regular training. We reached out to about 800 officia ls last year. Codes of ethics is another practical instrument to set standards of ethics and promote ethical behaviour among public servants. As I just mentioned, it is one of priorities in our national anticorruption policy. Over the past few years most of public institutions at state level have developed codes of ethics in Latvia. Some municipal institutions have done it too. 105 state nstitutions have today their codes or declarations of ethics and several other state institutions prepare such codes or have integrated them into internal regulations. Comparatively only 7 municipalities have developed such codes. Even if some of these codes do not have a strong enforcement mechanism, the fact itself that institutions had to develop such codes was a good way to make them to think about these issues. Two years after our work on enforcement of conflict of interest law, a survey carried out in 2005 show that the awareness has increased that conflict of interest can lead to corruption.In another more recent opinion survey of public officials conducted this summer 75% of the respondents acknowledged that the respect of ethical norms is important for the public service. The same survey revealed that 63% of the respondents consider that among the most important reasons that lead to corruption in the public sector is the lack of respect of ethical norms. What are the main lessons learned from the experience of our Bureau in the area of preventing corruption and conflict of interest? Conflict of interest regulation is an efficient instrument to promote ethics.Through our preventive work, the awareness of public servants about ethics and restrictions provided in the law has significantly increased. Overall, the administrative corruption is decreasing. Also the public trust is increasing in the Bureau and in such indirect way also in the integrity of public service. This is, for instance, shown by the increasing number of reports of corruption that we receive. More work needs to be done, to increase the awareness about ethics in the society and intolerance towards corruption.The political elite is often seeing ethics as general statements and is less admitting that these are standards that should be respected in the public life and even less show personal examples of respecting them. Heads of public institutions also bear an important part of responsibility in implementing norms of ethics and also their work would be one of the most efficient instruments, as they will show an example that their colleagues will then need to follow. Finally, not everything can be regulated by the law.Even in such case, someone can try to get round it. There will also always remain potential for new conflicts of interest. Often scandal of some individuals who have misused their position or acted in an unethical way is damaging the confidence in the whole public sector. On the other hand, each individual example shown by a public official, politician or individual public sector institution can help strengthening public trust and raising standards of all of us of what conduct we can tolerate and what – not any longer. How to cite Ethics and Accountability in Public Service, Papers