This Is Solution to Chapter Problems and Key Concept...

Buckwold and Kitunen, Canadian Income Taxation, 2010-2011 Ed. CHAPTER 10 INDIVIDUALS: DETERMINATION OF TAXABLE INCOME AND TAXES PAYABLE Review Questions 1. Briefly explain the difference, for individuals, between net income for tax purposes and taxable income. 2. Explain the difference between an allowable capital loss and a net capital loss. 3. Describe the tax treatment of net capital losses. 4. Explain how a non-capital loss is created and how it is treated for tax purposes. 5. Is it always worthwhile to utilize a net capital loss or a non-capital loss as soon as the opportunity arises? Explain. 6. Is it possible for taxpayers to pay tax on more income than they actually earned over a period of†¦show more content†¦Net capital losses, therefore, may consist of the unused allowable capital losses of a number of years, and may be available for deduction in other years in arriving at the taxable income of those other years (see 3 below) [ITA 111(1)(b)]. R10-3. Net capital losses can be carried back three years and forward indefinitely from the year in which they were incurred. During the carry-over period, the net capital losses can be deducted in arriving at taxable income only to the extent that the taxpayer has realized net taxable capital gains (gains minus losses) for that year [ITA 111(1)(b), 111(1.1)].There is an exception to this rule for the year of death and the preceding year. In those two years, an individual may deduct net capital losses against all sources of income [ITA 111(2)]. R10-4. If, in a particular year, the aggregating formula for determining a taxpayers net income for tax purposes does not permit the full deduction of employment losses, business losses, property losses, and allowable business investment losses because there is insufficient income in that year, the unused portion is classified as a non- capital loss. Non-capital losses can be carried back three years and forward twenty years from the year in which they are incurred,Show MoreRelatedGeneral Overview of Chapter 11: The Huxleyan Warning Essays681 Words   |  3 PagesGeneral overview of Chapter 11 entitled- The Huxleyan Warning. At the beginning of Chapter 11 in Neil Postman’s book, he reminds us that there are two representations of how a culture maybe withered. He writes that a culture either becomes almost like a high security prison or a culture can become just like a mockery. Postman then goes on to acknowledges that there are several different places that exist in the world where the totalitarianism of thought control exists. Another well-known authorRead MoreHope Is Not A Strategy By Rick Page1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe book Hope Is Not A Strategy by Rick Page is the quintessential piece of sale force literature. 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Hope in The Sun also Rises Essay - 964 Words

Hope in The Sun also Rises WWI consumed the lives of millions. Those who lived through the war may have had only minor physical injuries or perhaps they were lucky enough to get away unharmed, but all of those who went home in the 1920s had lost an important feature in their life which was the importance of hope. The lack of hope hurt all the characters who experience the war in one way or another. Which, led to love being an empty word to the affected characters. These affected characters search for happiness in sex and in drunkenness and in superficial human relationships for the fulfillment that they were missing. Robert Cohn was about the only one who showed some kind of hope, but this hope seemed to bother the†¦show more content†¦The others tried to simply escape their problems in sex, alcohol, work, or fishing. Cohn believed that true love existed, but he had never known it. For four years his horizon had been absolutely limited to his wife. For three years, or almost three years, he had ne ver seen beyond Frances. I am sure he had never been in love in his life.(8) Robert Cohn had two rather lengthy relationships, both three years or longer. He did not fall in and out of love as quickly as the others. Brett thought she was in love with Romero only after seeing him from afar in the ring two or three times. Cohn, however, fell in love with Brett or so he thought and was willing to follow her around like a puppy as long as it would take to get her back. Even though she was married and engaged to get married again, he continued to pursue her. The others could not understand this willingness to wait, and could not get used to or rather were affected by the hope he showed. Mike expressed what they thought of it in an offensive manner. Tell me, Robert. Why do you follow Brett around like a poor bloody steer? Dont you know youre not wanted? I know when Im not wanted. Why dont you know when youre not wanted? You came down to San Sebastian where you werent wanted, and followed Brett around like a bloody steer. Do you think thats right?(142) Cohn only res ponded by saying, Shut up. Youre drunk., (142) and thenShow MoreRelatedParis’s Appeal to the Lost Generation761 Words   |  4 Pagesepigraph to his first novel The Sun Also Rises. After World War I, when nineteen-year-old Hemingway returned home, his parents did not understand the psychological trauma he had suffered during the war, and they pestered him to continue a normal life by finding a job or going to college. After he married his first wife, he moved to Paris where he joined the group of American expatriates that would be known as the Lost Generation. His books A Moveable Feast and The Sun Also Rises depict the life and the viewsRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway1195 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful aspects of a book. 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Gothic Architecture Free Essays

string(58) " cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper\." The fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture; this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic era’s transformation to its own identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Gothic Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation; the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through people’s fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Cathedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design weren’t important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it. Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century. Everyone’s life was lived out against a backdrop of fear; fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death. Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating; no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision; faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after life. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome. Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death; their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldn’t make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm. Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people looked to however could secure your happiness in heaven; this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was God’s representative on earth. Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct; he was noninsured God’s Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70. Since the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, â€Å"A political and economic system of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. † (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation; however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence. Feudalism put fear in society’s eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. You read "Gothic Architecture" in category "Papers" Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions; this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings. According to their understanding, â€Å"light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them† (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed people’s perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound example of gothic architecture. Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didn’t become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages,† (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedral’s high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important characteri stic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance. Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250. It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warfare. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, â€Å"everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate†. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ). His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the â€Å"heavenly capital†. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedral’s design; one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedral of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Underst anding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction. Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation. Cathedrals didn’t build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldn’t even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw; working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period. Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that failure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design. How to cite Gothic Architecture, Papers Gothic Architecture Free Essays Gothic Architecture Gothic architecture was brought about by Romanesque architecture. This unique style of architecture flourished and thrived around the high and late medieval period, but was succeeded by the Renaissance architecture. The Gothic style of architecture may not have been here for very long but it was still an inspirational piece of work for most groups and nations to come to build up from. We will write a custom essay sample on Gothic Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gothic architecture was known as â€Å"French work† during this period of time, having originated in 12th Century France, it only lasted into the 16th century when it was replaced by the Renaissance architecture. Gothic architecture’s most noticeable features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the infamous flying buttress. It was mostly used in the designing and building of many great cathedrals, abbeys, and churches throughout Europe. This type of architecture is great in churches and cathedrals for it was expressed powerfully though these different building types. The Gothic architecture always seems to find a way directly to the individuals’ emotions, creating a strong and personal bond between the building and the beholder. For this very same reason, if one wanted to study Gothic architecture, they must seek to observe and study churches and cathedrals for a firsthand look and experience of what I am talking about. Although the Gothic architecture was founded and used mostly in France, it did catch the eye of surrounding nations and countries such as Germany and Belgium. They began to attempt to copy this style and tried to incorporate it into a majority of their buildings, only proving how strongly they were influenced by this style of architecture. To reiderate, Gothic architecture was a very inspirational and intruiging style of architecture. It was unique and spoke to the â€Å"inner building† within us all and highly impacted many other nations. The Gothic architecture is and always will be a great basis for building design now and for many years to come. How to cite Gothic Architecture, Essay examples

JD Salinger s Catcher in the Rye Compared to Mark Twains Essay Example For Students

JD Salinger s Catcher in the Rye Compared to Mark Twains Essay Huckleberry Finn All famous American authors have written novels using a variety of characters, plots, and settings to illustrate important themes. Throughout literary history many of the same themes have been stressed in different novels. In J. D. Salinger s The Catcher in the Rye and Mark Twain s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, each author writes about the common theme of coming of age. The two novels were written more than half a century apart about two boys who seem like complete opposites, yet they bear striking resemblances to each other. Each author wrote his book depicting ettings from his own past and based the plots on personal experiences. While the two novels are in different times and places, they have remarkably similar characters, plots, and themes. To completely understand the two novels, it is necessary to know about each author s background and how he got the ideas to write them. J. D. Salinger was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City. His father was a Jewish importer, his mother a Scott-Irish housewife, and he had one older sister. His parents were divorced in September 1947 before he began his career as an author. He grew up in Manhattan and ttended public school until he was enrolled in Valley Forge Military Academy, where he had trouble adjusting. Later he attended New York University, Ursinus College, and Columbia University. Before he became a writer he worked as an entertainer on a Swedish cruise ship in the Caribbean and had a four-year military career as a staff sergeant in World War II ( Salinger CA 332-334). Salinger began writing popularly in the late 1940 s and 50 s in the Post-Modernist period. Authors of this period showed despair, paranoia, and irrational violence due to threatening implications of the world after WWII. In this era, Salinger wrote his most creative works such as Catcher in the Rye and Nine Stories. These books show the dilemma of people trying to come to terms with either a self-created or contemporary hell with a common theme of coming of age or loss of innocence. Recurring incidents of adulterated emotion can be seen in many of Salinger s works, and he believes that is the history of human trouble and the poetry of love which explains many controversial events in his works ( Salinger CA 334-335). In most of his works, it is obvious that Salinger wrote about his background and personal experiences lthough he never dealt with adultery. Most of his fictional characters grew up in New York and were of mixed parentage. For example, Holden Caulfield, the main character in The Catcher in the Rye, grew up in New York City and had a hard time adjusting to life at school. Also, Pencey Prep, the school Holden went to, was modeled from Valley Forge Military Academy ( Salinger CA 333). Salinger s work was very controversial, especially his characters and his language. Some critics concentrate on his characters, saying that the heroes in his works are self-righteous and self-centered misfits, indicating mmaturity in Salinger s vision. He also brought back the concept of vernacular dialect and idiomatic phrases previously unused in American literature but popular in everyday speech. Some critics object to his use of foul language, while others feel that his use of speech is a brilliant technique to help shape his theme. James Miller says he is one of the most controversial writers yet, and he is greeted with praise as well as condemnation ( Salinger CLC Vol. 299). Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri in 1835 to Marshall Clemens and Jane Lampton. He grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, a frontier town, where he got his richest sources for his writing. Between 1853 and 1857 he was a journeyman printer in St. Louis, New York City, Philadelphia, and other places around the U. S. In 1857 he went to the Mississippi River, became a river pilot s apprentice and won his license shortly afterward. He piloted until 1861 when the Civil War broke out, and he served in the Confederacy for a short period of time. Christian symbolism, especially images that refer to the crucifixion of Christ, is present throughout The Old Man and the Sea EssayIn John Aldrigde s comparison he wrote that both books rely on the concept of nnocence to show how their main characters reach their coming of age. In The Catcher in the Rye innocence is a compound of urban intelligence, juvenile contempt, and New Yorker sentimentality. The symbol of innocence in this book is the children of the world, especially Phoebe, which are continuously challenged by phonies, profanity, and adult life. In this novel, innocence calls for genuineness and sincerity in a dull and loveless world. In Huckleberry Finn, innocence is a compound of frontier ignorance, juvenile delinquency, and petty heroism. The symbols of innocence are the raft and the river. The challenging factors of innocence in this book are thugs, thieves, feuds, and other dangers on shore that call for narrow escapes. The raft represents innocence because that is how Huck and Jim make their narrow escapes from the dangers of the shore, and the river because its time, faith, and continuity, move endlessly and dependably beside and between the temporary problems of men. In Huck Finn, innocence calls for escape from violence because innocence and the world of violence are seriously and effectively opposed ( Salinger CLC Vol. 56 323). When Huck headed down the river with Jim to seek reedom, he was actually seeking a new home free from the injustices of his old life. Just like Huck, Holden too was seeking a new home where he could have a life without the pain and disillusionment that comes with becoming involved with anything life has to offer. Both Huck and Holden encountered tests for them to pass on their way to adulthood. For Huck the tests were mostly physical, but the tests that Holden had to overcome were primarily metaphorical dangers created by the loss of individuality, accepted values, and self-reliant intellectuality (Branch Mark Twain and J. D. Salinger 3). Not only are the two books similar in their themes, but they also share other common writing devices. They have similar comic irony, informal language, picaresque structure, anti-phony themes, and both boys represent the average American boy at different times (Branch Salinger: A Critical and Personal Portrait 5). S. N. Behrman wrote that Holden and Huck are neither comical, nor are they marked by hatred or contempt of mankind; they just repudiate mankind s faults. They always pay attention to what is happening whether involved or not. The two novels are one-way journeys from holy innocence to the nlightenment that the world offers. Both works are concerned with the problems that people were facing at the times they were written. And finally, they both have been repeatedly banned and restricted because of the use of questionable language that people use in everyday speech ( Salinger CLC Vol. 56 321). The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have strikingly similar plots, characters, and themes even though they were written in different time periods and settings. Their primary similarity is the resemblance between Huck and Holden as they lose their youthful innocence and grow up. Huck tries to escape injustice to gain freedom floating down the Mississippi River on his raft, and Holden tries to escape the phoniness he found in the adult world to gain a pleasant life. Both boys realize in the end that they play minor roles in life and loss of innocence is inevitable in the emergence of adulthood. In J. D. Salinger s The Catcher in the Rye and Mark Twain s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn both authors stress the themes of coming of age and loss of innocence to prove the point that everyone grows up and passes into adulthood. They show that this is a natural and unavoidable part of life.